Yuav Ua Li Cas Ua Tau Zoo Tshaj Plaws hauv Precast Concrete Panels

Lub ntug zoo ntawm precast qhob slabs ncaj qha txiav txim siab qhov kev txhim kho ntawm cov khoom, lawv cov qauv thauj khoom- hloov kev ua tau zoo, thiab lawv cov kev zoo nkauj. Ua kom tiav qhov tsis zoo ntawm ntug yuav tsum zam kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tsis xws luag -xws li cov ces kaum chipped, grout to, flatness deviations, thiab tsis zoo sib koom ua ke. Tsim kom muaj ib tug zoo meej ntug nyob deb ntau tshaj li cov pob zeb sib tov tsim; nws vam khom rau qhov precision ntawm formwork, kev xaiv tsim nyog ntawm chamfers, stability ntawm magnetic fixing pab kiag li lawm, thiab nruj me ntsis ua raws li cov txheej txheem tsim nyog thaum lub sij hawm demolding txheej txheem. Thaum tag nrho cov ntsiab lus no ua haujlwm hauv kev sib koom ua ke, qhov tshwm sim yog cov khoom tiav tiav los ntawm cov kab huv huv, cov kua dej, txo qis kev ua haujlwm, thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntau lawm.

Edges in Precast Concrete Panels

Cov npoo ntawm precast qhob slabs tsim lawv qhov chaw tsis muaj zog tshaj plaws; Txawm li cas los xij, lawv yuav tsum ua kom tiav cov haujlwm tseem ceeb xws li kev thauj mus los ntawm cov pob qij txha, kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo, thiab kev tswj kev tawg. Yog tias cov npoo nthuav tawm qhov tsis xws luag, xws li cov ces kaum, cov kab nrib pleb, lossis tsis txaus, kev ntxhov siab yuav tshwm sim. Qhov no cuam tshuam cov khoom ntawm shear thiab flexural lub zog, ua rau nws raug rau cov ntug deterioration ntawm lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav, xws li qhov tsis xws luag tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov qauv kev ruaj ntseg ntawm tag nrho cov precast chav tsev, uas yuav ua rau muaj kev nyab xeeb tshwm sim, xws li xoob lossis kev sib tsoo ntawm cov txheej txheem tom qab kev teeb tsa.

Precast qhob slabs cia siab rau ntawm ntug- mus rau -ntug splicing kom ua tiav tag nrho kev sib dhos; yog li ntawd, qhov flatness ntawm cov npoo, lawv qhov ntev ntev, thiab lawv cov kev sib koom ua ke (piv txwv li, tus nplaig-thiab-groove lossis recessed pob qij txha) ncaj qha dictate installation precision. Cov npoo tsis sib xws lossis ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ua rau qhov tsis sib xws ntawm kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo, tiv thaiv cov grouting tom ntej los ntawm kev ua tiav cov kev cog lus txaus. Qhov no renders lub Cheebtsam uas nws yuav loosening thiab tsiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, chipped ces kaum los yog ntug qhov tsis xws luag ntawm cov pob qij txha ua rau cov kev ntxhov siab tsis sib xws, ua rau cov khoom tsis sib haum xeeb tom qab- kev teeb tsa thiab cuam tshuam rau tag nrho cov qauv kev ncaj ncees ntawm tag nrho cov khoom sib dhos.

Qhov zoo ntawm cov npoo ncaj qha tswj cov khoom tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv rau dej ingress, permeability, thiab corrosion. Yog hais tias cov npoo chaw nres nkoj tsis xws luag, xws li qhov khoob, honeycombing, los yog voids los ntawm grout to, rainwater, thiab corrosive agents tau yooj yim infiltrate rau sab hauv ntawm cov khoom. Qhov no ua rau cov pob zeb carbonation thiab steel reinforcement corrosion, uas nyob rau hauv lem ua rau tawg thiab cov qauv kev puas tsuaj, thaum kawg impairing cov khoom ntawm kev ua haujlwm.

Txawm tias me me deviations hauv formwork positioning tuaj yeem ua rau cov npoo tsis sib xws lossis cov duab tsis zoo. Thaum cov pwm tsis raug raws nraim, cov pob zeb yuav cuam tshuam cov kev tsis zoo no, ua rau cov vaj huam sib luag precast uas yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav ntxiv lossis kho.

Yog tias lub formwork tsis ruaj khov, kev txav me ntsis thaum lub sij hawm ua vaj tse los yog kev co tuaj yeem ua rau ntug deformation. Piv nrog rau cov txheej txheem kho kom nruj, kev teeb tsa tsis ruaj khov feem ntau ua rau cov khoom tsis sib xws. Siv cov kev txhim kho txhim khu kev qha, xws li cov tshuab sib nqus, pab tswj kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov thoob plaws hauv cov txheej txheem casting.

Yog tias pob zeb tsis ntws mus rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm ntug, nws yuav tsim voids los yog ntxhib nto raws ntug. Kev tsis txaus lossis tsis sib xws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov huab cua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau ntawm cov ces kaum thiab cov npoo, ua rau tsis zoo rau ob qho tib si tsos thiab cov qauv zoo.

Chamfer strips txhais cov ntug profile. Thaum lawv hnav, tawg, lossis tsis zoo, cov npoo ua rau poob lawv qhov ntse thiab sib xws, uas cuam tshuam rau tag nrho qhov zoo ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag precast.

Kev tshem tawm ntxov ntxov lossis kev txhawb nqa nqa tsis txaus tuaj yeem ua rau ntug chipping lossis puas. Tswj tau thiab ua tau zoo- cov txheej txheem demolding tau npaj kom ntseeg tau tias cov npoo nyob ruaj khov thiab txhais tau meej meej.

Cov txheej txheem ntau lawm yog nyob ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ntug molding; Yog li ntawd, kev saib xyuas tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau them rau plaub theem tseem ceeb: formwork, pouring, vibration, thiab curing, thiaj li yuav tiv thaiv tsis xws li chipped npoo thiab fab, grout to, thiab nto honeycombing los yog pitting.

Hais txog kev tswj cov txheej txheem, qhov tseem ceeb yog muab rau kev siv 6 hli - tuab Q235B steel daim hlau lossis 8 hli - tuab aluminium alloy panels. Lub kaum sab xis yog integrally stamped thiab tsim, kom ntseeg tau tias splice sib koom qhov khoob tsis pub tshaj 0.5 hli. Ib txheej txheej ob txheej txheej sealing yog siv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov pob qij txha: ib tug 3 hli - tuab EPDM roj hmab sawb (nrog ib tug compression tus nqi ntawm 30%) yog adhered rau sab hauv, thaum sab nrauv yog ruaj siv bolts thiab washers spaced tsis ntau tshaj 300mm sib nrug los tiv thaiv grout to. Kev sib txuas ntawm kaum formwork thiab lub ntsiab formwork siv ib qho "L-zoo li tus stiffener ntxiv rau kab pheeb ces kaum" qauv, ntxiv los ntawm lub kaum sab xis steel reinforcements, los tiv thaiv formwork deformation los yog hloov chaw thaum lub sij hawm pouring. Hauv cov ntsiab lus no, kev siv cov hlau nplaum chamfer strips tau pom zoo. Cov strips no zoo tagnrho rau cov ntug molding yuav tsum tau ntawm precast qhob panels; leveraging lawv cov khoom muaj zog sib nqus adhesion, lawv tuaj yeem ua tau sai thiab meej ruaj ntseg rau lub formwork fab yam tsis tas yuav tsum tau ntxiv fastening ntawm pneumatic rau tes los yog adhesives. Qhov no ua kom yooj yim installation thiab meej qhov chaw, zoo daws teeb meem ntawm ntug molding sib txawv los ntawm qhov tsis ruaj khov thiab kev hloov pauv feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov tsoos chamfer strips, thaum tib lub sijhawm tshem tawm cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov nplaum nplaum ntawm cov npoo pob zeb lossis cov qauv kev puas tsuaj rau lub formwork los ntawm pneumatic rau tes. Rau kev tso tawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov dej-raws li hom polymer uas muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 25% raug xaiv. Nws yuav tsum tau siv ib tug sib npaug zos siv ib tug nplua - nap roller, nrog rau ib lub tsho tiv no ntxiv siv tshwj xeeb rau cov ces kaum. Daim ntawv thov raug txwv nruj me ntsis thaum lub formwork yog ntub los yog nthuav tawm qhov chaw xeb, vim qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau cov npoo pob zeb los yog cuam tshuam cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tus neeg tso tawm.

Edges in Precast Concrete Panels

Thaum lub sij hawm pouring thiab vibration theem, qhov sib lawv liag ntawm "cov ces kaum ua ntej, ces lub ntsiab lub cev" yuav tsum nruj me ntsis raws li. Ib qho me me - txoj kab uas hla chute yog ua haujlwm los xyuas kom meej qhov chaw ua vaj tse; nyob rau hauv lub ces kaum ib cheeb tsam, lub thickness ntawm txhua lub pob zeb nqa yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 200mm los tiv thaiv qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ntog pob zeb los ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau formwork fab. A φ30mm siab- zaus hauv vibrator yog siv, nrog cov ntsiab lus vibration spaced tsis ntau tshaj 300mm sib nrug (qhov kev ncua deb no yog txo mus rau 200mm nyob rau hauv lub ces kaum cheeb tsam). Cov txheej txheem kev vibration cuam tshuam nrog "kev tso nrawm nrawm thiab tshem tawm qeeb," nrog rau qhov tob tob ntxiv 50-100mm rau hauv cov txheej txheem ua vaj tse yav dhau los. Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ces kaum, lub vibrator yuav tsum tau tuav nyob rau hauv qhov chaw rau 20-25 vib nas this-kom txog rau thaum ib txheej ntawm grout nto tshwm thiab tsis muaj huab cua npuas ntxiv tau pom nce mus rau saum npoo-thaum nruj me ntsis tsis txhob muaj kev sib cuag ntawm lub vibrator thiab formwork nws tus kheej. Rau nyias- lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub kaum sab xis, cov vibrator txuas txuas tuaj yeem siv los pab hauv kev sib cog lus, yog li tiv thaiv mortar poob los ntawm ntau tshaj - kev vibration lossis tsim cov voids uas ua los ntawm kev co tsis txaus.

Thaum lub sij hawm kho, tam sim ntawd tom qab pouring tiav, npog cov qauv nrog cov dej noo- khaws cov ntaub ntawv kom tsis txhob ya raws sai sai ntawm cov npoo, uas tuaj yeem ua rau tawg tawg. Lub sij hawm ntawm kev tshem tawm formwork yuav tsum tau tswj nruj me ntsis kom ntseeg tau tias cov pob zeb tau txais tsawg kawg yog 75% ntawm nws lub zog tsim. Thaum tshem cov formwork, siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb thiab pib cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tsis yog - kaum sab xis; siv maj mam prying thiab qeeb, ceev faj detachment kom tsis txhob ua puas lub ces kaum los ntawm quab yuam prying. Kev tshaj tawm - lub sijhawm tshem tawm kev kho mob yuav tsum tsis pub tsawg tshaj 14 hnub, thaum lub sij hawm lub pob zeb yuav tsum tau ua kom ntub dej -nrog rau kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb rau cov ces kaum- txhawm rau tiv thaiv kom qhuav tawg thiab plua plav nto.

Using Magnetic Chamfers to Create Edges

Sib nqus chamfers yog reusable ntug- ua strips tsim los tsim beveled npoo ntawm cov pob zeb. Lawv pab tshem tawm cov ces kaum ntse thiab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm ntug chipping thaum tuav thiab tsheb thauj mus los. Qhov no yooj yim tab sis zoo tsim tsis tsuas yog txhim kho kev ua hauj lwm efficiency tab sis kuj txhim khu tag nrho cov zoo ntawm ntug tsim.

Sib nqus chamfers yog ceev thiab yooj yim rau txoj hauj lwm, kho, thiab tshem tawm. Qhov kev hloov pauv no tso cai rau cov neeg ua haujlwm hloov pauv rau cov qauv vaj huam sib luag sib txawv yam tsis tas yuav muaj cov cuab yeej ntxiv, ua rau cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab cov neeg siv- tus phooj ywg.

Lub zog sib nqus adhesion xyuas kom meej tias lub chamfer tseem sib npaug sib npaug ntawm tag nrho cov ntug. Qhov kev ruaj ntseg no ua rau cov npoo du, zoo ib yam ua tiav thoob plaws ntau lub voj voog ntau lawm, txhim kho ob qho tib si zoo li thiab qhov tseeb.

Sib nqus chamfers yog siv dav hauv kev tsim cov phab ntsa vaj huam sib luag, slabs, kab teeb, thiab kab. Lawv yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog haum rau tej yaam num uas yuav tsum tau high edge precision thiab repeatability, ua rau lawv ib tug tseem ceeb Cheebtsam nyob rau hauv niaj hnub precast qhob manufacturing.

Thaum lub sij hawm kev thauj mus los thiab kev teeb tsa ntawm precast qhob slabs, lawv cov npoo tuaj yeem raug kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev cuam tshuam lossis kev hloov pauv; Yog li ntawd, txhim kho kev tiv thaiv thiab ua raws li cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm tau zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb. Thaum lub sij hawm thauj, cov npoo yuav tsum tau muab qhwv rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv hloov tau yooj yim, xws li ua npuas ncauj lossis roj hmab, thiab cov slabs stacked nyob rau hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg cais los ntawm spacers. Cov spacers no yuav tsum tau muab tso rau kom tsis txhob tso cov load- bearing siab ncaj qha rau ntawm cov npoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov siab stacking yuav tsum tau khaws cia nyob rau hauv qhov kev txwv tsim nyog, thiab lub tsheb thauj khoom yuav tsum tau tsav kom zoo kom tsis txhob muaj pob lossis nres nres uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib tsoo. Ua ntej kev teeb tsa, qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov npoo npoo yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas; me me tsis xws luag yuav tsum tau kho tam sim ntawd, thiab nws yuav tsum tau xyuas kom meej tias lub hauv paus ntawm lub hauv paus yog theem thiab hais tias cov pre- faib installation slots ua kom raug. Thaum lub sij hawm hoisting, cov slabs yuav tsum tau qis rau hauv txoj hauj lwm maj mam thiab ua tib zoo; qhov khoob ntawm cov khoom uas nyob ib sab yuav tsum tau tswj kom tsis pub dhau 5 hli thiab tom qab kaw. Tom qab kev teeb tsa, cov slabs yuav tsum tau ruaj ntseg tam sim ntawd, thiab nthuav dav cov phiaj sib koom ua ke tau teeb tsa raws li cov qauv tshwj xeeb kom ntseeg tau tias tag nrho cov qauv kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov npoo.

Yog tias muaj qhov tsis xws luag tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom, kev thauj mus los, lossis kev teeb tsa, cov phiaj xwm kho yuav tsum tau ua kom sai los tiv thaiv qhov tsis xws luag los ntawm kev nthuav tawm. Rau me me chipping los yog kaum kev puas tsuaj, qhov chaw cuam tshuam yuav tsum tau muab yaug nrog dej huv thiab huv si huv si siv ib tug txhuam hniav; Tom qab tau txaus moistened, nws yuav tsum tau patched thiab leveled siv ib tug 1: 2 los yog 1: 2.5 cement mortar mix. Thaum muaj kev puas tsuaj loj dua, cov pob zeb uas tsis muaj suab nrov thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg; Tom qab ntxuav qhov chaw huv si thiab moistening nws, kev kho yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo siv -cov pob zeb sib xyaw ntawm qib ib qib siab dua li cov pob zeb qub. Tom qab kev kho, kev kho kom zoo yuav tsum tau siv los ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov seem kho thiab cov txheej txheem qub, nrog rau qhov chaw tiaj tus thiab zoo ib yam. Rau kev sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw tiaj tus, lub tshuab sib tsoo yuav tsum tau siv los ua kom lub ntsej muag maj mam thiab tshem tawm txhua qhov protrusions, yog li ua kom cov npoo yog qib thiab ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau ob qho tib si installation thiab zoo nkauj.

Cov npoo zoo meej hauv cov pob zeb precast tsis ua tiav los ntawm lub sijhawm; lawv yog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tswj xyuas zoo ib yam thiab ua tib zoo saib kom nthuav dav thoob plaws hauv cov txheej txheem ntau lawm. Kev hloov me me hauv kev npaj feem ntau ua rau pom kev txhim kho hauv cov khoom zoo kawg nkaus.

Kev tu kom huv thiab tiaj tus hlau yog qhov pib. Txhua qhov khib nyiab, xeb, lossis qhov tsis sib xws tuaj yeem tsim qhov sib txawv ntawm chamfer thiab formwork, ua rau cov npoo tsis sib xws. Kev sib cuag du nto ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam thoob plaws ntau yam casts.

Kev siv cov- cov ntaub ntawv zoo chamfer yog qhov tseem ceeb sib npaug. Cov hlau nplaum los yog roj hmab uas muaj zog ruaj khov tuav lawv cov duab nyob rau hauv siab thiab rov siv dua, tsis zoo li cov ntaub ntawv qis - qib uas yuav deform lossis hnav sai. Cov ntaub ntawv txhim khu kev qha pab ua tiav cov ntse ntse, cov npoo sib xws nrog tsawg kawg rework.

Kev tshuaj xyuas cov formwork ua ntej casting pab txheeb xyuas cov teeb meem tshwm sim thaum ntxov. Kev txheeb xyuas qhov sib npaug, qhov chaw chamfer, thiab qhov chaw sib cuag yuav txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm qhov tsis xws luag thaum cov pob zeb tau nchuav.

Standardizing cov txheej txheem ntau lawm ties txhua yam ua ke. Thaum tu, tso, thiab tshuaj xyuas cov kauj ruam ua raws li qhov niaj hnub ua, qhov zoo ntawm ntug yuav tuaj yeem kwv yees, rov ua dua, thiab yooj yim los tswj ntawm qhov ntsuas.

Kev ua tiav qhov tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov pob zeb precast pob zeb hinges raws li kev ua kom zoo zoo hla tag nrho cov txheej txheem, los ntawm kev tsim, xaiv cov khoom siv raw, thiab kev tsim khoom mus rau kev thauj mus los, kev teeb tsa, thiab kho qhov tsis zoo, tag nrho hauv kev tswj xyuas zoo. Txhua theem yog inextricably txuas: tsim tsim ib tug robust foundation; raw cov ntaub ntawv lav lub cev muaj zog; ntau lawm kom meej molding; kev thauj mus los thiab kev teeb tsa tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj; thiab kho kho tej yam tsis xws luag. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev siv tswv yim ntawm cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, xws li cov hlau nplaum chamfer strips, zoo txo tau ntau yam ntug- txog cov teeb meem. Txoj hauv kev no ua kom cov npoo ntawm precast qhob slabs nyob twj ywm, ruaj khov, thiab ruaj khov, yog li tiv thaiv ob qho tib si kev ncaj ncees thiab kev teeb tsa kev ua tiav, thaum tib lub sijhawm txhim kho tag nrho cov khoom zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm ntev ntawm tag nrho engineering project.

Q: Dab tsi yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ntug ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag precast, thiab dab tsi yog vim li cas?

A: Feem ntau muaj xws li chipped npoo, grout to, nto unevenness, tsis zoo sib koom ua ke, thiab honeycombing. Cov laj thawj tseem ceeb yog kev txhim kho formwork tsis ruaj khov, kev co tsis raug, cov khoom siv tsis raug sib xyaw, kev puas tsuaj thaum lub sij hawm thauj mus los thiab kev teeb tsa, kev kho tsis txaus, thiab qhov chaw tsis raug ntawm cov cuab yeej chamfer.

Q: Dab tsi yog qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau nplaum sib nqus piv rau cov tsoos chamfers?

A: Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yog tsis tas yuav tsum muaj cov ntsia hlau lossis cov kua nplaum, thiab lub zog sib nqus muaj zog ua kom pom tseeb qhov chaw. Qhov no yuav pab kom tsis txhob muaj kab mob sib kis thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm formwork. Sib nqus chamfers yog qhov ruaj khov, rov siv tau dua, thiab muaj peev xwm tswj tau lub vojvoog zoo ib yam, txo cov ntug chipping thaum txhim kho kev ua haujlwm. Lawv kuj tsim nyog rau cov npoo tsis sib xws thiab nyias - cov khoom siv phab ntsa.

Q: Dab tsi yog qhov kev kam rau siab rau qhov ntev ntawm ntug, thiab yuav tiv thaiv kev sib txawv ntau npaum li cas?

A: Dimensional kam rau ua rau vaj huam sib luag dav thiab thickness yuav tsum tau tswj nyob rau hauv ± 3 hli, thiab nto flatness yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 3 hli sib txawv thaum ntsuas nrog ib tug 2-meter straightedge. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev sib txawv ntau dhau, cov qauv yuav tsum raug txiav txim siab thaum lub sijhawm tsim qauv, qhov tseeb thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv yuav tsum tau siv thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom, kev tso pob zeb thiab kev vibration yuav tsum tau tswj kom sib npaug, thiab kev tshuaj xyuas tom qab demolding thiab kho yuav tsum tau ua kom sai.

Q: Yuav ua li cas ntug kev puas tsuaj yuav txo tau thaum lub sij hawm thauj mus los thiab installation?

A: Thaum lub sij hawm thauj mus los, cov npoo yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv nrog cov ntaub ntawv mos xws li ua npuas ncauj lossis roj hmab pads. Cheebtsam yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, tsis txhob thauj khoom ntawm cov npoo, thiab thauj khoom zoo kom txo qis kev vibration. Ua ntej kev teeb tsa, cov npoo yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas thiab kho cov teeb meem ua ntej. Thaum lub sij hawm nqa, cov khoom yuav tsum tau qis qis qis kom tsis txhob muaj kev cuam tshuam, thiab tom qab kev teeb tsa, lawv yuav tsum tau kho kom zoo nrog kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev sib khi.

Q: Yuav ua li cas me me ntug chipping yuav kho tau zoo?

A: Ua ntej, ntxuav qhov chaw puas siv dej thiab txhuam txhuam, thiab xyuas kom nws zoo moistened. Tom qab ntawd siv cov cement mortar sib tov nrog qhov sib piv ntawm 1: 2 mus rau 1: 2.5 los sau thiab kho cov ntug. Tom qab kho, tswj xyuas cov txheej txheem kho kom zoo los xyuas kom muaj kev sib raug zoo thiab ua kom lub ntsej muag du.

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